- Peter Stolypin was appointed as the Tsar's closest advisor
- Stolypin was a key figure in modernising agriculture
- Believed that power should stick with the Tsar
Politics
- After the grant of the October Manifesto (creating a Duma), the Tsar immediately issued the Fundamental Laws
- The Fundamental Laws gave Tsar his power back. Granting himself the power to dissolve the Duma and appoint ministers allowed him to keep his control over law
- The Tsar expelled the elected ministers he disagreed with, which caused the Duma to end up with representatives that agreed with the Tsar's decisions
- The First two Dumas were dissolved before they did much
- Therefore, the Tsar was able to regain his control over the law
- The Fundamental Laws removed representation
- However, the third and fourth Dumas brought important reforms such as increasing the number of primary schools to two times as much, and increasing spending on health services
Agriculture
- Stolypin aimed to fix the problem of not enough food being produced
- Peasants relied on old methods on farming, which caused them to only grow enough food for themselves and little extra food for the rest of the people
- They depended on mirs, local communities that restricted peasants from buying new technology and decided what they grew
- A peasants land bank was made and more land was made available for peasants to buy
- Loans to buy land were provided to the peasants, encouraging them to farm privately
- Stolypin created a richer class of peasants called "kulaks" that left the mir and built their own farms
Repression
- The Tsar compromised with the majority that were content with the October Manifesto
- The minorities that were not satisfied were brutally oppressed
- 20,000 people were exiled from Russia
- 1,000 people were hung by a noose which was known as "Stolypin's necktie"
- The Okhrana (Russian secret police) became more involved, imprisoning and monitoring people that were suspected to oppose the government
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