Changes between 1906-14

  • Peter Stolypin was appointed as the Tsar's closest advisor
  • Stolypin was a key figure in modernising agriculture
  • Believed that power should stick with the Tsar


Politics
  • After the grant of the October Manifesto (creating a Duma), the Tsar immediately issued the Fundamental Laws
  • The Fundamental Laws gave Tsar his power back. Granting himself the power to dissolve the Duma and appoint ministers allowed him to keep his control over law
  • The Tsar expelled the elected ministers he disagreed with, which caused the Duma to end up with representatives that agreed with the Tsar's decisions
  • The First two Dumas were dissolved before they did much
  • Therefore, the Tsar was able to regain his control over the law
  • The Fundamental Laws removed representation
  • However, the third and fourth Dumas brought important reforms such as increasing the number of primary schools to two times as much, and increasing spending on health services


Agriculture
  • Stolypin aimed to fix the problem of not enough food being produced
  • Peasants relied on old methods on farming, which caused them to only grow enough food for themselves and little extra food for the rest of the people
  • They depended on mirs, local communities that restricted peasants from buying new technology and decided what they grew
  • A peasants land bank was made and more land was made available for peasants to buy
  • Loans to buy land were provided to the peasants, encouraging them to farm privately
  • Stolypin created a richer class of peasants called "kulaks" that left the mir and built their own farms


Repression
  • The Tsar compromised with the majority that were content with the October Manifesto
  • The minorities that were not satisfied were brutally oppressed
  • 20,000 people were exiled from Russia
  • 1,000 people were hung by a noose which was known as "Stolypin's necktie"
  • The Okhrana (Russian secret police) became more involved, imprisoning and monitoring people that were suspected to oppose the government


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